![]() Improper closure of the neural groove results in congenital neural tube defects. ĭevelopment Summary of neurulation Neurulation An early embryonic developmental process of chordates that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ectoderm resulting in the formation of the neural plate the neural crest and the neural tube. Arteries are classified into 3 types: large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries, and small arteries and arterioles. The blood passes through the arteries in order of decreasing luminal diameter, starting in the largest artery (the aorta) and ending in the small arterioles. The spinal cord is supplied by 1 anterior and 2 posterior spinal arteries Arteries Arteries are tubular collections of cells that transport oxygenated blood and nutrients from the heart to the tissues of the body. ![]() It is the fine vascular membrane that lies under the arachnoid and the dura mater. Meninges: Anatomy, and pia mater Pia mater The innermost layer of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid cavity which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It lies between the pia mater and the dura mater. ![]() Meninges: Anatomy, arachnoid mater Arachnoid mater A delicate membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. Meninges: Anatomy these layers are the dura mater Dura mater The outermost of the three meninges, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord. Between these layers are 3 potential spaces called the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. The layers are, from the most external layer to the most internal layer, the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Connective Tissue: Histology, collectively known as the meninges Meninges The brain and the spinal cord are enveloped by 3 overlapping layers of connective tissue called the meninges. Connective tissues consist of cells and an extracellular matrix. The main function of connective tissues is to provide structural support to organs. Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification, the spinal cord is surrounded by 3 layers of connective tissue Connective tissue Connective tissues originate from embryonic mesenchyme and are present throughout the body except inside the brain and spinal cord. The developed brain consists of cerebrum cerebellum and other structures in the brain stem. Arising from the neural tube, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including prosencephalon (the forebrain) mesencephalon (the midbrain) and rhombencephalon (the hindbrain). Like the brain Brain The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). Brown-Séquard Syndrome (consisting of ascending and descending tracts of myelinated Myelinated Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia axons Axons Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. ![]() It mainly consists of myelinated nerve fibers and contains few neuronal cell bodies or dendrites. Cerebral Cortex: Anatomy (consisting of synapsing neuronal cell bodies) and a surrounding area of white matter White Matter The region of central nervous system that appears lighter in color than the other type, gray matter. It is composed of neuronal cell bodies neuropil glial cells and capillaries but few myelinated nerve fibers. In cross section, the spinal cord is divided into an H-shaped area of gray matter Gray matter Region of central nervous system that appears darker in color than the other type, white matter. Vertebral Column: Anatomy, these regions do not line up with their corresponding vertebral levels. It consists of 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 5 lumbar vertebrae and is limited cranially by the skull and caudally by the sacrum. The spinal cord is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions, though because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column Vertebral column The human spine, or vertebral column, is the most important anatomical and functional axis of the human body. Nervous System: Anatomy, Structure, and Classification to the body it is part of the CNS. The spinal cord is the major conduction pathway connecting the brain Brain The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium).
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